HI 364 | Industrialization and the Rise of the Working Class
Industrialization
or industrial revolution is about very complex process that change to modern
life and all aspect.
Building
industry does not mean industrial revolution.
Britain is taken as a case study in this topic because:
This
is the first country to industrialize in the world.
Britain
the process of industrialization has unique comparison to other countries.
Britain
experience from internal dynamism to external dynamism.
Major themes
Industrialization
and industrial revolution deal with history change from agrarian society to
industrial society.
Industrial
economic growth or industrial development deal with three important things:
The
rate of economic growth is going. (Speed/pace).
If
economic slowdown, there is sign of negative to industrial development.
Industrial
doesn’t always supported by higher economic growth and speed.
Have
human power over the nature.
Population change two ways:
1. To
rate on its increase.
2. Distribution.
Higher
rate of population increase cause the industrial development.
In
distribution if more people living in rural area are talking about risk of the
country but if more people living in urban areas were talking about development
of the country.
Population
distribution tell about the industrial development of the country.
Population
distribution tell about the industrial development of the country.
Example in
Britain 1860 people living in town.
Characteristics of class relations
1. People
living together as relative as family. This is risk of country. In developed
countries, people are not live like family or relatives.
2. Transformation
from social to classical formation of another new class.
Industrialization
and the state or industrialization and polities.
- Industrialization
also transform a political system.
- Also
there is new political institution (with industrialization.)
Transition from feudalism to capitalism
Feudalism
according to Carl Marx, is the second mode of production which base on
exploitation of man by man based on land as major means of production.
Feudalism
A
system based on land and services.
- Talking
about two class coexisting
a.
Lords (own the land)
b.
Tenants (provide services)
Karl Marx
A
political system in which land as major means of production which own by lords.
According to him this is exploitation system.
Feudal England
Has
been very much conservative, specific time in 1066 A.D
Change
of the England society.
England
conquered by Norman in 1066 when King William I.
Feudal
England started change in political system after Norman Conquest in 1066 A.D
Features of feudal England
1. Feudal
in England and other feudal in other country based on two things:
a) Land
b) Services
Why
land – constituted principle live hood mean (the major means of life, power,
authority and wealth.)
Land
permitted the power authority and wealth.
Why services?
There
are lords who enjoy the service because they have land.
Peasant
has to provide services. (The way of enjoy of ownership).
In
England land was by law owned by King. (All land was Crown land.)
The
king granted land to the Aristocracy (lords and some lords who were vassals,
they do the following:
I.
Preaching loyalty to the king
II.
They rendered military
III.
Paid taxes
Aristocracy:
this is the law who governed the peasant or cultivators.
Peasant
were under aristocracy and vassal law.
There were two types of peasants:
I. Free peasants
II.
Serfs
There
were kind of lands accessed by peasants:
I.
Minority land. (manorial)
II.
Monastic
III.
Common land
Manorial
land
- The
land that coordinate land lords and serfs.
- That
land gave power and authorit to the lords
- It
was powered by manorism
- Demesne
refer to possession of land.
- King
give land to the serfs in exchange serf give service.
- This
land defined the power and authority of the lord.
- Sometime
peasant paid tax or drafted to army services.
Monastic land (the church land)
Church
was part of political economic structures.
Up
to 16th century delivered its authority from Rome.
The
land was rented to the peasant.
Peasant
worked and paid as serfes.
Church
was attracted income form the tithe.
Common land
It
was the land that was a public land.
No
any qualification to own the land.
Peasant
had free access to this land for public activities. For example, supplemental
crop production, grazing, fishing hunting.
Peasant
built their squatter in these area.
Peasant
was independent from any obligation (restriction).
The
land was closed as it got commercial value.
Second features of feudal England
Urban factor
English
was rural in nature
Feudalism
at the same time, experience the development of towns.
Some
town developed independent and were dominated by artisans.
Guild
system was the system, the relatively characterized by relatively close
organization, the entry into which was strictly controlled.
(People
were not allowed to enter in trade without some amount of trading.)
In
town those people were free to move, to select, to decide etc
3. Nature
of feudal production
Production
was only for consumption.
Peasant
were producing for subsistence.
Many
produced for their immediate use: conspicuous, lavish and extravagant.
There
were no conscious effect to accumulate capital, there were no any exchange.
4. Political
system
Decentralization
of power
Political
arrangement was mainly parcellised.
King
was just the ceremonial figure but the power was to the lords.
However
overtime there was development of central authority led to absolutism.
In this
system lord became dependent to the monarchy.
In
England it started in the Normandy congest in 1066.
Then
Normandy conquered England they changed the system.
5. Social
nexus
It
was characterized by personal ties.
My
serf is my own serf.
Relationship
was made in personalities.
Political development during feudalism
Between
16th and 17th Century, shift from decentralized to
centralized system was experienced.
There
was expansion of political space which became more unified under central
authority which means national unification.
Profits of shifting to centralization
1. Development
of larger national market.
2. Pacification.
People
started experiencing peace. Peacefully environment for trade.
3. Development
of legal system defending wealth.
4. Increased
capacity to defend national trading interests.
5. Enable
development of a national currency. System of uniform weight and measures.
Transition to capitalism in England
Meaning
of capitalism:
Social
economic and political system whereby major means of production are owned by
individuals.
What
were the forces behind this transition (from feudalism to capitalism.)
Feudalism
is the mother of capitalism.
What is primitive accumulation of capital?
The
first man to use this term was Carl Marx.
Primitive
means the earliest way of accumulating capital.
Three contribution of accumulation of capital to transition
1. Accumulation
of massive capital. Motivated people with money to invest.
2. Producers
become dependent markers. (It created classes.)
Reasons for transition from feudalism to capitalism
Internal
dynamics
Can
be grouped into two groups:
Social
economic development.
Political
development.
Social
economic development
The
rise of market/commodity production.
How people entered in
I.
Commutation
Money
into use
Monetization
People
in England started demanding money.
Emergency
of people who circulated money.
People
were motivated on getting more cash.
II.
Development of town and trade more
development experienced
III.
Development of commercial shipping rearing
family.
Ship
provided wool and wool product which were highly demanded especially in
Belgium, Netherland.
IV.
Rapid growth of population
It
was around the 16th Century.
It
caused commercialization.
V.
The black death disease (bubonic plague)
It
killed 1/3 of the British population.
It
caused shortage of labour.
It
increased labour mobility.
VI.
Political development
Two
stages but both are talking about centralization.
It
was between 15th and 17th Century.
Stages of centralization (political development)
1. 15th
– 17th Century, decentralized feudal structure.
Increasingly
giving the way for centralization.
Period
of loyal absolutism.
Begun
in the
2. Mid
of 17th Century
Power
shifted from monarchy to representative. (Parliamentary power)
It
was sponsored by the commercial figures (bourgeoisie.)
Advantage
1. Market
2. Pacification
3. Parliament
4. Protection
5. Easier
trading interests
Chronology
of political development in England
1. The
war of roses
Between
1455-1485
This
was the war caused by power struggle between feudal functions.
There were two functions of feudal
I.
Conservative
Were
the Lancastrians and
II.
Yorkist
Yorkist
were the progressive feudal.
Progressive
feudal won the war.
Many
lords died in this war.
After
won the war, there was changes in the feudal system.
The
war ended by the coming of stronger monarchy under the Tudor. Example, Henry
Tudor VII, 15th – 17th.
With
progressive feudal there was a change in alliance.
The
alliance was between king and the merchant different from before where king and
lords allied.
2nd
political development
Reformation
In
1531 King Henry declared himself as the head of the church. Therefore between
1676 and 1678. England 1536, resolution of monastery which was confiscation of
properties like: church land and other properties.
Meaning
of reformation
Before
16th Century the dominant church was Roman Catholic.
17th
C some changes emerged, people challenged the Roman Catholic.
Protestantism
begun for example, Martin Luther King.
Coming
of Anglican.
Three other events
I. Breaking away of Rome.
II. Confiscation of church property.
III.
Theological revolution. People come up with
protestant church.
Reformation
ended up the power of Roman Catholic Church which was breaking away from
feudal.
Political
development
The
decline of absolute monarchy
There
was increasing friction between the monarchy and the upcoming bourgeoisie.
There
was a breakaway of alliance.
Break
away come up with three things.
Monarchy
was been conservative and undemocratic.
The
fiction ended up with civil war.
1641-1688.
Progressive
who wanted commercial interest won the war.
There
were the parliamentary coming in.
People
who brought change were bourgeoisie in transaction.
The
period was a transitional period.
External factors of the transition
Development
of overseas trade in England. This led to mercantilism.
What is mercantilism?
Mercantilism
is a label, commonly given to the doctrine and sense of prices attributed to
European national state from the 15 to 18th centuries regarding the
nature and regulation of international economic relations.
Mercantilism
basing on trading and banking.
It
does not involve production, it facilitate exchange.
Putting out system
The
seller sells but doesn’t produce.
Producers
were the craftsmen, they were not buying or selling.
Bank
was characterized by usury which means, money lending at higher interest.
Accumulation
of precious metal was a priority. (Gold and silver.)
Every
merchant was using every means to accumulate gold and silver.
Features of mercantilism
1. National
unification
2. Protectionism
3. Bullionism
4. Colonial
expansion
5. National
rivalry and competition/militarism
6. Populations
Development
of mercantilism in England had been experienced into two distinct phase:
The role of agriculture
Agrarian
revolution before industrial revolution.
Agricultural
revolution are the impact of agriculture.
First
phase of mercantilism development mid-15th to mid-17th
century.
1. Was characterized
by rapidly disintegration of feudalism.
2. England
experienced national unification.
3. Development
of new alliance
4. Dominant
trade was wool and woolen. The bigger market for wool was Flanders (Belgium).
5. British
mercantilism was characterized with journey to more distant countries. (People
were sponsored to go far away).
After
discovery of America in 1492, more adventures were sent looking for gold and
silver.
6. Militarism
was very rampant
Before
1600, England main rival was Spain, they were competing over the control of
Americans and the South Indies. The competition led to war in 1588.
England won
the war by defeating the Spanish Armada fleet war ship. The next was
colonization of some places.
In
1607, England begun colonization of North America.
In 16520,
England begun the colonization of West Indies.
After
1600, main England arrival was Holland (The Netherland). These two countries
were competing over the control of India and East Indies led to
misunderstanding.
By
1601, England won the war and established the first trade in East India. It was
given to the company East India Company which was given a loya charter. The
same year trade stations were established starting with Bombay.
Second phase
Mid
17th C mid and mid-18th Century
British
mercantilism rose to prominence become the most powerful mercantile nation
except France.
Why Britain became the most dominant in mercantilism
1. At
this time Britain had already underwent agrarian revolution, therefore had
sufficient and extra food. She was free to concentrate on commercial
development.
2. The
British monopoly of carrying trade. The most useful means of transport was
shipping, established through the enactment of the navigation act.
1651
1660
important navigation act both were path under Oliver Cromwell.
Provision
of navigation act.
The
trade between and her colonies were reserved for ships owned by either English
or colonial shippers. When shippers got money, it was money for English.
Some
specify commodities imported from Europe would only come into England in
English ships. Other were heavily taxed the idea was to promote English ship.
There
were a list of goods on enumerated list.
Goods
produced in the colony were: sugar, cotton, tobacco, indigo, fur, calico.
These
goods has to be exported outside of England.
Advantage of British Monopoly
I.
It assured an abrupt supply of raw materials
in England.
II.
Led to the development of processing
industrial
III.
It increased the collection of custom
revenues.
IV.
It easily made the colonial economy to be
interpreted to the British economy.
N.B
from the late 17th C the dominant trade on England was the export
trade, the major goods were:
Tobacco
– America North
Sugar
– Indies West
Pepper
–
Cotton
– India
Silk
– China
In
the 18th Century trade with Europe declined absolutely and colonial
trade made giant rise.
British
mercantilism was at its height when it was defeated in seven years wars.
Between France and England over the control of Canada.
In
1753, French were defeated. (So he was unchallengeable.)
However
the English mercantilism started declining after the independence of America in
1776.
What is the contribution of mercantilism to industrial revolution?
Two
perspective
Supply
side
Demand
side
Supply
side
The
role of mercantilism that supplied development of:
Industrialization,
eg. Accumulation of capital.
The
presence of raw materials. It called more innovation and production.
Provided
some, institution structures, example, formation of Banks, capital market,
companies, trade agreement etc.
Development
of capital ethic of added value.
Industrial revolution in Britain
The
first industrial revolution it was concentrated on much consumer goods.
Produced
goods for immediate use. Example, textile industries etc.
Second
industrial revolution
Produce
goods that can be used to produce other goods. Example, capital industries.
First
industrial revolution was between 1750-1840.
Meaning of industrial revolution
Technical
change in industrial production.
It
was the use of machine in production.
A
more observable technical changes which are in exactly intertwined as a cause
an effect.
Eg.
From agrarian society to industrial society.
When
defining industrial revolution, three things are involved:
Industrial
revolution has been associated with a beginning of higher growth of industrial
production.
Industrial
revolution has associated with cumulative structural changes in the economy.
The first industrial revolution in England
Putting
out system
The
producer does not sell and seller does not produce.
Merchant
had capital but were not producing.
In
capitalism a producer is a seller.
In
the mid of 18th C there were significant observable industrial
development.
The
increase in production.
Technological
improvement.
This
improved labor productivity.
What were the major development in Britain by 1750? (characteristics of industries)
1. Most
of the industries were located in the village and river valleys because they
feared the guild system. Because industry was against the system. People feared
restrictions. In town there were restrictions.
Because
of technological efficiency, water was used as the source of energy. Main
source were water or wind.
2. It
had archived some kind of mechanization, but that mechanization was rather
primitive.
3. Massive
proletarization. Independent producers were changed into dependent labors.
From
1750 England began to experience changes. Industry increased and got
concentrated in town.
Major development occurred in the following sectors
Coal
mining, iron production, textile, and machine building in engineering and
transport and communication.
Coal mining
Coal
was major means of energy.
From
1750 they improved its extraction.
1760
people started using gunpowder.
England
innovated transportation underground.
Gun
powder and underground transportation, increased production.
Iron production
Between
1783-1784 emergency of iron production which was more imporoved.
Pudding
and rolling as new method of iron production.
Before
pudding, charcoal was used. This was not much efficient.
Coal
was improved in the production of iron.
Iron
production center increased in England.
Textile production
Development
of textile was dramatic.
Textile
was a pace maker and prime mover. Most important industrial sector.
The
most branch was spinning.
In 1733
John Key invented the fly shuttle, speeded up handloom, weaving and thus bring
a balance between weaving and spinning.
Invention
of spinning Jenny, invented by James…
Increased
by 6 to 8 times.
Invention
of spinning frame, invented by Richard Wright. This machine was able to spin 80
threads at a time. However it still needed mechanical power. Started with
horse, changed to water power and there after the steam engine.
Spinning
mule
Invented
1778
Combined
both principles
It
produced more than the two.
After
1790, it started using the steam engine. This led to development of spinning
factories in town.
Textile
Mechanization
of textile.
Mechanization
is gradual.
Other development in textile production
In
1783, invention of mechanical printing.
In
1784, invention of bleaching powder.
Machine building
The
discovery of steam engine.
Source
of energy of steam engine was heating coal.
Before
wind and water was used.
Advantage of steam engine
1. Steam
engine was fully under men control.
Different from wind and water which is different and cannot be
controlled by men.
2. Steam
engine was mobile and means of locomotion. Because some engine was mobile, now
industries were concentrated in town.
Steam
engine was discovered by James Watt in 1760.
It
started as one shock machine.
Transport and communication
Road,
railway, canal and rivers.
Canal
1760-1830s,
very big construction of canals was conducted.
It
stimulated inter regional trade and facilitated the bulk goods, timber, stone
etc.
In
1750 and 1780 roads construction was active in England.
There
was an improved way of road construction.
Railway
started in the coal mining sites then shifted.
By
1820s it had railway for locomotive.
By
1830 and 1850 referred as the period of railway mania.
England
had 6000 miles equal to 15,000 Km.
Features of industrial capitalism
1. It
was a transitional phase of industrialization
2. The
rise of machine power
3. Most
of the innovation during that phase was not a result of formal education.
It
was not theoretical science.
It
was a result of people who were curious.
Result
of trial and error.
4. The
technology to support industrial revolution were easily financed.
It
was relative easier.
It
didn’t involve complex technology.
5. Innovations
at this time tended to have a chain reaction
One
innovation, created another sector.
Created
the equilibrium of another sector.
6. First
industry revolution created a new relationship between workers and capitalists
Development
of urbanization.
Change
methods of production. Example, discovery of steam engine.
At
this time labour was further by capital.
Social effects of British industrial
The
standard of living debate
It
emerged a debate
What
has been the social effect?
Optimist
who said Industrial revolution brought positive changes in the society.
Versus
pessimists who believed, “industrial revolution was let to negative effect of
the living standard of the workers.”
Optimistic
It
had people who represented the system.
Representative
of spokesmen of the bourgeoisie.
Millocracy
– people who represent the people who enjoy the national cake.
To
this people, industrial revolution brought about many improvements.
It
improved the living standard. Example they say industrial revolution is like
magic formula.
It
increased purchasing power to workers.
The
pessimists who said industrial revolution brought nothing but evil on the
society and it negatively affected the majority especially the workers.
First group of pessimists
Dr
Smith, Edwin Chadwick, Charles Dickens, Benjamin Disrael
They
were led by land owners
Pessimists group included people like:
Cobbett
They
talk about old England.
Industrialization
it brought about pollution, noises, etc. it created something so bad for people
to live in. industrialization came with many evils.
Industrialization
is the imbalances.
Another group
Radicals
and socialists
They
were not opposing industrialization, they were opposing capitalism.
Scholars
like: Carl Marx, Robert Owen, William Thomson.
What was their argument?
Discussed
standard of workers living.
The making of the English Working Class
Debate
which existed after industrial revolution.
1. Industrial
revolution improved the living standard of the people.
2. Industrial
revolution led deterioration of living standard.
Pessimistic were divided into two groups:
Socialist
Radicals
Socialists
Engels
Fredrick and Karl Marx.
All
of them criticized the industrial revolution by looking at the conditions of
the working class in England.
Engels argue that,
1. Industrial
revolution led to concentration of capital into hands of few people.
2. The
rise of industrial revolution led to the emergence of industrial towns. This
town led to the development of caste system. Emergence of classes, segregation
based on life standard. It became the group of the haves and have not.
3. Engels
again, “industrial revolution led into the situation of competition for jobs,
opportunities which in turn led to people to suffer unemployment.
4. Industrial
revolution it increased women and children employment and they were lowly paid.
The capitalist preferred to hire them because it was easier to control women
and children.
Ideas
of Engels were supported by Karl Marx in his essay.
Wage
labour and capital. He added that, under industrial capitalism, what the
capitalist considered most was profit maximization. To get this they were
supposed to lower the wages.
Working Class
Can
be explained as a group or a class of wage earners.
How the working class was formed in England
Three
categories of its formation:
1. The
rural environment
Agriculture
were conducted in rural.
Peasant
owned land, after, enclosure, the land were taken by the government.
1. They
turned into laborers and were paid low wages. That was the emergence of a class
of wage earners.
2. Urban
areas
After
the land was enclosed, people went to town looking for employment.
Others
managed to get jobs. Other did not got them they were lowly paid.
Both
of them constituted a class of labour.
3. Side
of politics
To
engage in politics was limited to labourers.
This
led to the emergence of a class who were humiliated by the government.
The levels of class struggles
1. Individual
level
People
who were humiliated started rising.
2. Struggle
of the people at work place.
e.g
people working at the same company.
3. The
struggle by the members of the trade. Member who had associations.
4. The
struggle as a class
This
was the highest level of the class. Eg. The level of all civil servants.
Why
workers struggle?
1. It
was based on economic interests: unemployment, tax.
2. Interference
of workers skills, especially after the introduction and the and the use of machines.
Many
worker lose their job.
Forms of the early working class protest
During
industrial revolution, there were major strands.
Three
strands were dominant in rural and urban Britain.
Strands during industrial revolution
1. The
intensification of the capitalist invasion of the rural life.
The
bonds of traditional rights and obligation of common goods were being replaced
by bourgeoisie values.
The
traditional nexus was replaced by cash nexus.
The
land was turned into capital.
As a
result of these, the poor people in these area were mainly subjected into
enclosure tollgates.
The prices of the food went hard, why?
The
demands of those engaged in production was to maximize the profit.
2. Urban
population
Most
of them were recruited from rural areas.
The
life was real and unstable.
Masculine
jobs.
3. Emergency
of the young industrialist who gain their work in the peasant and merchant
interest.
Large
number of peasant and independent producers were turning into an industrial
proletariat.
Most
early industrial protest were perceived to be primitive.
Early
industrial protest were usually attributed by a crowd.
This
crowd was perceived to be having no common ideology or ideas were having a
traditional factors.
Early industrial protest were been divided into severe categories
1. First
protest in rural areas.
2. Protest
in urban areas.
3. Industrial
workers.
4. Working
class.
Protest in rural areas
Large
number rural people had many means of subsistence.
Kind
of rural employment was unstable because, many was just employed for short time.
Another
problem in rural
Rural
people faced the problem of rising prices.
Food
shortages.
Unemployment.
Target
of the protest
1. The
farmers
Employed
them to work in farms.
2. The
landlords
Owned
land.
3. Corn
factory and millers
Organization
of the movement in rural areas lack clear ideological.
Reasons for the emergence were based on these demands
1. Wages.
Lowly paid.
2. The
use of turnpits and tollgates. It was like a barrier.
3. Enclosure
system
4. Repressive
laws. (humiliative laws.)
5. Sudden
rise in the price of food.
Forms of food riots
I.
Simple
They
were looting the warehouse of the godowns.
II.
Attacking the milliards of food
III.
Stopping grain vessels, bound for foreign
port. (stopping the export of food.)
The
year of 1776, whereby the country riots because of shortage of food.
In urban there were three major protest
1. Anti-Irish
riots
Took
place in 1736, it happened in East London.
The
Irish people were attacked by the English people because were employed in
London.
They
attacked Irish houses.
2. Wilkite
riots. This occurred in the year 1760-1770s
This
was in support of John who was a radical champion of political reforms
especially for workers and poor.
The
guy was imprisoned by the government.
3. The
Goldon riots
This
was ant-catholic appraise.
The
riot was led by George Goldon who was the president of the protestant
association.
The Luddism (1811-1830)
Refers
to the series of working class movement which was characterized by machine
breaking.
Machine
replaced human labor. Number of people in England remained unemployed.
The organization of Luddism
The
movement was a secret movement.
But
it was mobilized through all state.
It
required a member to take an oath that he would keep secret of the movement.
The
member who were attacking the machine did it in the night.
An
organizer of the movement was called Ned Lud.
Factors for the rise of Luddism
Introduction
of New machine main in textile production especially in spinning and weaving
machine.
The
introduction affected the traditional framework of knitters.
Impact of machine were in three categories
1. People
who were employed in industry
They
lost employment.
Few
people were hired.
Some
people who were using traditional ways making cloth machine affected the
traditional owner of those industries.
Luddism
aimed at returning the old type of production, which used large number to hire
people.
2. Bad
economic conditions
This
happened after the end of Napoleonic war which was fought in 1793-1815.
Due
to this war, the British economy started to decline which led to the poor
conditions of the workers.
During
the period of war Britain could not export or import. The war affected
business. There was 20% of unemployment in Britain.
The
wages became too low.
Prices
of the food went high. This led to general panic to the workers.
3. The
role of the French revolution
Which
took place in the year 1789.
French
revolution instituted parliamentary systems of the government. Through this
case, French revolution popularized a sense of awareness on the right on both
men and women.
The
demand of working men and women became conscious of what was happening in
French.
4. The
role of literature
Publications
Books
created awareness to workers particularly in demanding their rights.
A
book by Thomas, ‘The rights of man.’
He
printed 200,000 copies.
The
content of the book was clearly showing the rights of the workers and the role
of employer.
5. The
role of American revolution
1776
it happened.
The
revolution consciontized workers to demand their political and economic rights.
6. A
crop failure
This
happened in 1809, 1810, 1811, 1812.
Crops
were not doing well due to lack of enough rains.
The
availability of food was a problem.
Prices
of food went high.
Salaries
went down.
Life
of people were in critical problem.
The impacts of Luddism movement
1. The
cost
The
Luddite destroyed over 100,000 pounds worth property within 14 months.
The
government spend 500,000 pound in salaries alone in military force.
2. Practical
result
In
few areas wages were rised.
3. Paved
a way for the emergence of new working class movement.
Example:
Chartism
Chartism
rise and learned the mistake done by Luddism.
It
paved the way to the emergency of the other working class movement such as
Chartism.
Mistake
in Luddism were used as a lesson...
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